Enlarged heart (Cardiomegaly) : Causes, Symptoms, Tests & Diagnosis

Enlarged heart (cardiomegaly) isn’t a disease, but rather a symptom of another condition.

The term “cardiomegaly” most commonly refers to an enlarged heart seen on chest X-ray before other tests are performed to diagnose the specific condition causing your cardiomegaly. You may develop an enlarged heart temporarily because of a stress on your body, such as pregnancy, or because of a medical condition, such as the weakening of the heart muscle, coronary artery disease, heart valve problems or abnormal heart rhythms.

While having an enlarged heart may not always be preventable, it’s usually treatable. Treatment for enlarged heart is aimed at correcting the underlying cause. Treatment for an enlarged heart can include medications, medical procedures or surgery.

Symptoms:

In some people, an enlarged heart causes no signs or symptoms. Others may have these signs and symptoms:

• Shortness of breath
• Dizziness
• Abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia)
• Swelling (edema)
• Cough
• Chest pain

Causes:

Conditions associated with an enlarged heart include:

• High blood pressure. Having high blood pressure can make it so that your heart has to pump harder to deliver blood to the rest of your body, enlarging and thickening the muscle.
• Heart valve disease. Four valves within your heart keep blood flowing in the right direction. If the valves are damaged by such conditions as rheumatic fever, a heart defect, infections (infectious endocarditis), connective tissue disorders, certain medications or radiation treatments for cancer, your heart may enlarge.
• Disease of the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy). Cardiomyopathy is the thickening and stiffening of heart muscle. In early stages of cardiomyopathy, you may have no symptoms. As the condition worsens, your heart may enlarge to try to pump more blood to your body.
• Heart attack. Damage done during a heart attack may cause an enlarged heart.
• A heart condition you’re born with (congenital heart defect). Many types of congenital heart defects may lead to an enlarged heart, as defects can affect blood flow through the heart, forcing it to pump harder.
• Abnormal heartbeat (arrhythmia). If you have an arrhythmia, your heart may not pump blood as effectively as it would if your heart rhythm were normal. The extra work your heart has to do to pump blood to your body may cause it to enlarge.
• High blood pressure in the artery connecting your heart and lungs (pulmonary hypertension). If you have pulmonary hypertension, your heart may need to pump harder to move blood between your lungs and your heart. As a result, the right side of your heart may enlarge.
• Low red blood cell count (anemia). Anemia is a condition in which there aren’t enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your tissues. Left untreated, chronic anemia can lead to a rapid or irregular heartbeat. Your heart must pump more blood to make up for the lack of oxygen in the blood when you’re anemic. Rarely, your heart can enlarge if you have anemia for a long time and you don’t seek treatment.
• Thyroid disorders. Both an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) and an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism) can lead to heart problems, including an enlarged heart.
• Excessive iron in the body (hemochromatosis). Hemochromatosis is a disorder in which your body doesn’t properly metabolize iron, causing it to build up in various organs, including your heart muscle. This can cause an enlarged left ventricle due to weakening of the heart muscle.
• Rare diseases that can affect your heart, such as amyloidosis. Amyloidosis is a condition in which abnormal proteins circulate in the blood and may be deposited in the heart, interfering with your heart’s function. If amyloid builds up in your heart, it can cause it to enlarge.

Complications of enlarged heart can include:

• Heart failure. One of most serious types of enlarged heart, an enlarged left ventricle, increases the risk of heart failure. Heart failure occurs when your heart can’t pump enough blood to meet your body’s needs. Over time, the heart can no longer keep up with the normal demands placed on it. The heart muscle will weaken, and the ventricles stretch (dilate) to the point that the heart can’t pump blood efficiently throughout your body.
• Blood clots. Having an enlarged heart may make you more susceptible to forming small blood clots in the lining of your heart. If clots are pumped out of the heart and enter your circulatory system, they can block the blood flow to vital organs, including your heart and brain causing a heart attack or stroke. If clots develop on the right side of your heart, they may travel to your lungs, a dangerous condition called pulmonary embolism.
• Heart murmur. For people who have an enlarged heart, two of the heart’s four valves — the mitral and tricuspid valves — may not close properly because they become dilated, leading to a backflow of blood. This flow creates sounds called heart murmurs. Heart murmurs are not necessarily harmful, but they should be monitored by your doctor.
• Cardiac arrest and sudden death. Some forms of enlarged heart can lead to disruptions in your heart’s beating rhythm. Some of these heart rhythms are too slow to move your blood, and some are too fast to allow the heart to beat properly. In either case, these abnormal heart rhythms can result in fainting or, in some cases, cardiac arrest or sudden death.

Tests and Diagnosis :

If you have symptoms of a heart problem, your doctor will perform tests to determine if your heart is enlarged and to find out the underlying cause of your condition. In addition to a physical exam, these tests may include:

• Chest X-ray. X-ray images help your doctor see the condition of your lungs and heart. If your heart is enlarged, it might first be detected by a chest X-ray, but other tests will usually be needed to find out the specific cause. Your doctor can also use an X-ray to diagnose conditions other than enlarged heart that may explain your signs and symptoms.
• Electrocardiogram. This test records the electrical activity of your heart through electrodes attached to your skin. Impulses are recorded as waves and displayed on a monitor or printed on paper. This test helps your doctor diagnose heart rhythm problems and damage to your heart from a heart attack as well as give clues to other types of heart disease.
• Echocardiogram. An important test for diagnosing and monitoring an enlarged heart is the echocardiogram. An echocardiogram uses sound waves to produce a video image of your heart. In this test, all of the chambers of the heart can be evaluated to determine if you do have an enlarged heart and to try and determine the cause. This test determines how efficiently your heart is pumping, assesses your heart valves, can look for evidence of previous heart attacks and can determine if you have congenital heart disease.
• Stress test. A stress test, also called an exercise stress test, is used to gather information about how well your heart works during physical activity. Because exercise makes your heart pump harder and faster than it does during most daily activities, an exercise stress test can reveal problems within your heart that might not be noticeable otherwise. An exercise stress test usually involves walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bike while your heart rhythm, blood pressure and breathing are monitored.
• Cardiac computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In a cardiac CT scan, you lie on a table inside a doughnut-shaped machine called a gantry. An X-ray tube inside the machine rotates around your body and collects images of your heart and chest. In a cardiac MRI, you lie on a table inside a long tube-like machine that produces a magnetic field. The magnetic field aligns atomic particles in some of your cells. When radio waves are broadcast toward these aligned particles, they produce signals that vary according to the type of tissue they are. Images of your heart are created from these signals, which your doctor will look at to determine the cause of your enlarged heart.
• Blood tests. Your doctor may order blood tests to check the levels of certain substances in your blood that may signal that you have a heart problem. Blood tests can also help your doctor rule out other conditions that may cause your symptoms.
• Cardiac catheterization and biopsy. In this procedure, a thin tube (catheter) is inserted in your groin and threaded through your blood vessels to your heart, where a small sample (biopsy) of your heart can be extracted for analysis in the laboratory. Pressure within the chambers of your heart can be measured to see how forcefully blood pumps through your heart. Pictures of the arteries of the heart can be taken during the procedure (coronary angiogram) to ensure that you do not have any blockage.

The World's Top Five Medical Tourism Destinations!!

 

India has once again been named as one of the top Medical Travel destinations for 2010 by Tourism Review and the Hotel & Resort Insider! The country received well over a million medical tourists last year and that number is set to grow even further this year. With world class JCI, ISO and NABH accredited hospitals, the country is cementing itself as the preferred choice for medical tourists. With all the leading hotel chains being represented in India, medical tourists are spoilt for choice! India is also listed by Lonely Planet as a tourism destination to visit for 2010 with sights and sounds to cater for all types tourists.

Hospitals of India has been in forefront in promoting India as a healthcare destination and has served clients from well around the world! It is supporting efforts by the Indian Government under the Government Transformation Programme (GTP) to increase the number of medical tourists and to make India the number one hub for medical tourists!!

(Picture Above: Medanta – The Medicity, 1600 Bed Super Specialty Hospital)

See article below!

Medical Tourism & Travel: The World's Top Five Destinations |

Why the aspirin is a wonder drug

Danny Buckland, Reposted On Saturday, January 15, 2010

It’s usually found in an unobtrusive white bottle in most bathroom cabinets. But the humble aspirin is being hailed as a medical miracle.

Breakthrough research this week showed aspirin could drastically reduce the risk of dying from many common cancers.

It’s staggering range – helping headaches through to critical conditions – means it could save millions of lives.

The British study proved that low doses of aspirin can cut death rates from cancers by about 30%, and up to 60% with prolonged use.

Professor Peter Rothwell’s team at the John Radcliffe Hospital, in Oxford, astonished the world with results from eight long-term studies involving 26,000 patients.

It reported that after five years, cancer death rates were cut by an average of 34% and up to 54% in gastrointestinal cancers. The results were seen across lung, pancreatic and oesophagus cancer as well as, to a lesser extent, brain cancer.

It is “the most amazing drug in the world”, according to Professor Alastair Watson, a consultant gastroenterologist at the University of East Anglia. “Penicillin has probably saved more lives but in terms of broad applications I don’t think anything comes close to aspirin. And it doesn’t cost much,” he said.

“Developed from willow bark, it started out as a painkiller which was good for fever and rheumatism. Then, about 20 years ago, it became clear that it was good for heart ­diseases and stroke.

“We then got to a position where virtually every patient who has had a heart attack, heart surgery, a stroke or problems with circulation in their legs is on aspirin. But to everyone’s astonishment and delight aspirin is going that extra mile.”

For pain relief, it penetrates the pain centres in the brain and switches them off while also reaching the nerve endings to neutralise the pain response mechanism. For cancers, it inhibits the damaging rogue cells by cutting off their blood supply. “It has been around for 100 years and was sold before the times of clinical trials and it is interesting to ask if it would be licensed today because of its side effects,” added Professor Watson.“Official government figures show it caused some 22 deaths in one year.

Many more had serious illness and most hospitals admit people with aspirin side effects almost every day. To put those figures into perspective, 70,000 people died from the effects of heroin in the same period.

“Aspirin is not the most dangerous drug but you cannot say it is completely safe.”

Experts caution against all middle-aged people – who stand to benefit most from the cancer application – immediately popping pills on a daily basis, and advise anyone with health concerns to get advice from their GP. But for a million Brits, the everyday ritual of swallowing a baby aspirin has life-saving implications.

“It’s about a quarter the dose you take for a headache,” said Mick Henderson, director of the Aspirin Foundation, the information service supported by Bayer, the company that developed aspirin.

He said: “Most GPs will put patients on to an aspirin if they have had a heart attack but more and more are putting them on to aspirin if they believe they are at risk from being overweight, smoking, stress or have a family history of heart attack at a relatively young age. So it can be taken even before heart attack."

“A lot of people are simply saying it is a wonder drug.”

Source: Daily Mirror Pic: Simon Stratford

IVF – Treating IVF Failure

 

One of the most frustrating problems in infertility today is IVF failure - also called implantation failure. This refers to infertile patients who have undergone many IVF cycles and produced beautiful embryos - but the embryos have consistently failed to implant for unexplained reasons.
Many patients who fail an IVF cycle often give up. Not only are they disappointed, they are also upset about the fact that their doctor does not usually give them a clear explanation for why the IVF cycle failed - or what they can do differently the next time, to improve their chances of success. While some stop for financial reasons, others come to the conclusion that they are destined to never have a baby; and admit defeat prematurely.

Hospitals of India partner Clinics/Hospitals pregnancy rates in patients who have failed IVF cycles elsewhere is very high, because we can transfer more embryos in difficult patients (unlike fertility clinics in UK and Australia, where the number of embryos which can be transferred is limited by law). While transferring more embryos does increase the risk of high-order multiple pregnancies, this risk is negligible in difficult patients (for example, the older women or women with previous failed IVF cycles). In our fertility clinic, we customise the number of embryos we transfer for each patient we treat, rather than just blindly follow a guideline (which has been laid down for the general population, without considering each individual's specific problem).

The other common reason for a failed IVF cycle is a poor ovarian response, which means patients get few eggs and few embryos. For these patients, we offer the option of aggressive super ovulation, with high doses of HMG, in order to help them grow more eggs, so we have more embryos to transfer.

For patients with a poor ovarian response, we also offer the option of GIFT - gamete intra fallopian transfer, in which we transfer the eggs and sperm directly into the fallopian tubes by performing a laparoscopy. This has a better pregnancy rate than IVF, because we put the eggs and sperm back where they belong - in the fallopian tubes, rather than in our incubator.

Sometimes the reason for IVF failure is because the embryo transfer was technically difficult, because of cervical stenosis. This means that the transfer is often traumatic, and is associated with bleeding. For these patients, if their fallopian tubes are open, we prefer doing a fallopian tube transfer ( ZIFT zygote intra fallopian transfer) so that we can bypass the cervix and place the embryos directly in the fallopian tubes. This ensures a very high pregnancy rate.

Another group of patients who often do poorly in other IVF clinics are those who have PCOD. Because many doctors are so worried about the danger of OHSS (ovarian hyper stimulation) in these patients, they often end up super ovulating these patients badly, and retrieve few poor quality eggs, compromising the pregnancy rate. In our fertility clinic, we prevent OHSS by carefully aspirating each and every follicle at the time of egg retrieval , and flushing it repeatedly with a double-lumen needle, until it collapses completely. By removing the follicular cells which are responsible for producing VEGF and causing OHSS, we have been able to prevent OHSS in PCOD patients very successfully in our fertility clinics/hospitals by using this novel technique.

Successful embryo implantation depends upon the health of the embryo, and one of the reasons embryos may fail to implant is that they may be chromosomally abnormal (even though they look normal). Research has shown that the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities even in good looking embryos is as high as 50% !

We can also offer the following advanced technique to help patients who have failed multiple cycles of IVF.

After In Vitro fertilization, which is performed in the normal fashion, we perform an embryo biopsy on Day 3, using a laser, and study the genetic composition of each embryo. This allows to select only the chromosomally normal embryos. The normal embryos are then transferred into the uterus on Day 5, when they are blastocysts.

This combined technique offers many advantages, especially for older women, who are more likely to produce abnormal embryos.

1. It allows us to select the chromosomally normal embryos. Not only does this increase the chances of embryo implantation, it also means the risk of a genetically abnormal baby is reduced.
2. We drill the zona with a laser. This allows us to facilitate embryo hatching , thus increasing the chances of embryo implantation.
3. Since we are transferring blastcysts on Day 5, the synchronisation between embryo and the endomterium is increased, thus enhancing implantation.
4. Since we can transfer fewer embryos ( each embryo now has a higher chance of becoming a baby ), the risk of multiple pregnancies is also reduced.

Since this technique is very labour-intensive and technologically demanding, the cost is more than that of a regular IVF cycle. However, for patients who have failed 2 IVF cycles, and are not happy about the idea of repeating another similar IVF cycle again; and for older patients, this advanced option can be very cost-effective.

New Found treatment for Multiple Sclerosis

Vein Angioplasty for Multiple Sclerosis:

The Italian researchers discovered that, in persons with multiple sclerosis, the veins which acted as the main drainage pathways for blood flowing from the brain back to the heart were substantially narrowed and even blocked. These included the jugular veins, veins along the spinal column, and other veins such as the azygous vein.

The persons with MS have impaired venous drainage from the brain and that such a problem caused the phenomenon of “reflux”. This means the venous blood would flow back toward the brain as it established new pathways around the blocked and narrowed veins creating symptoms for Multiple Sclerosis.

The suggested treatment basis on this discovery is a treatment is called "the liberation procedure”. The problematic veins are first identified by venography. Then, balloon angioplasty is used to open up the problematic veins and, in some cases, stents are inserted in non- responding sections. The procedure is relatively non-invasive and is done in day hospital under local anesthesia. Access to the veins is through the left femoral vein in the thigh. Total time in the hospital is usually less than 6 hours and the subject has a compression dressing on for 24 hours.

Procedure Cost - Just USD 5200!!

Kindly feel free to get in touch to know more about this procedure or to know more about Medical Facilities in India at info@hospitalsofindia.net